fmul
Multiply Floating Point
FMUL m32fp/m64fp
Multiplies dest by src.
Details
Multiplies ST(0) by the floating-point operand in memory (m32fp or m64fp) and stores the result in ST(0). The operation follows IEEE 754 semantics with the current rounding mode. The x87 FPU status flags (C0, C1, C2, C3) are updated; invalid operation, underflow, overflow, or precision exceptions may be raised.
Pseudocode Operation
src_value ← load_from_memory(src);
ST(0) ← ST(0) × src_value;
update_x87_status_flags();Example
FMUL m32fp/m64fp
Encoding
Binary Layout
D8
+0
ModRM
+1
Operands
-
src
Memory/Reg
Reference (Intel® SDM)
Instruction Forms
| Opcode | Instruction | Op/En | 64/32-bit Mode | CPUID | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| D8 /1 | FMUL m32fp | Valid Valid | Multiply ST(0) by m32fp and store result in ST(0). | ||
| DC /1 | FMUL m64fp | Valid Valid | Multiply ST(0) by m64fp and store result in ST(0). | ||
| D8 C8+i | FMUL ST(0), ST(i) | Valid Valid | Multiply ST(0) by ST(i) and store result in ST(0). | ||
| DC C8+i | FMUL ST(i), ST(0) | Valid Valid | Multiply ST(i) by ST(0) and store result in ST(i). | ||
| DE C8+i | FMULP ST(i), ST(0) | Valid Valid | Multiply ST(i) by ST(0), store result in ST(i), and pop the register stack. | ||
| DE C9 | FMULP | Valid Valid | Multiply ST(1) by ST(0), store result in ST(1), and pop the register stack. | ||
| DA /1 | FIMUL m32int | Valid Valid | Multiply ST(0) by m32int and store result in ST(0). | ||
| DE /1 | FIMUL m16int | Valid Valid | Multiply ST(0) by m16int and store result in ST(0). |
Description
Multiplies the destination and source operands and stores the product in the destination location. The destination operand is always an FPU data register; the source operand can be an FPU data register or a memory location.
Source operands in memory can be in single precision or double precision floating-point format or in word or doubleword integer format.
The no-operand version of the instruction multiplies the contents of the ST(1) register by the contents of the ST(0) register and stores the product in the ST(1) register. The one-operand version multiplies the contents of the ST(0) register by the contents of a memory location (either a floating-point or an integer value) and stores the product in the ST(0) register. The two-operand version, multiplies the contents of the ST(0) register by the contents of the
ST(i) register, or vice versa, with the result being stored in the register specified with the first operand (the destination operand).
The FMULP instructions perform the additional operation of popping the FPU register stack after storing the product. To pop the register stack, the processor marks the ST(0) register as empty and increments the stack pointer (TOP) by 1. The no-operand version of the floating-point multiply instructions always results in the register stack being popped. In some assemblers, the mnemonic for this instruction is FMUL rather than FMULP.
The FIMUL instructions convert an integer source operand to double extendedprecision floating-point format before performing the multiplication.
The sign of the result is always the exclusive-OR of the source signs, even if one or more of the values being multiplied is 0 or ∞. When the source operand is an integer 0, it is treated as a +0.
The following table shows the results obtained when multiplying various classes of numbers, assuming that neither overflow nor underflow occurs.
FMUL/FMULP/FIMUL—Multiply Vol. 2A 3-360
Table 3-31. FMUL/FMULP/FIMUL Results
DEST
− ∞ − F − 0 + 0 + F + ∞ NaN
− ∞ + ∞ + ∞ * * − ∞ − ∞ NaN
− F + ∞ + F + 0 − 0 − F − ∞ NaN
− I + ∞ + F + 0 − 0 − F − ∞ NaN
SRC − 0 * + 0 + 0 − 0 − 0 * NaN
+ 0 * − 0 − 0 + 0 + 0 * NaN
+ I − ∞ − F − 0 + 0 + F + ∞ NaN
+ F − ∞ − F − 0 + 0 + F + ∞ NaN
+ ∞ − ∞ − ∞ * * + ∞ + ∞ NaN
NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN
Operation
IF Instruction = FIMUL THEN DEST := DEST ∗ ConvertToDoubleExtendedPrecisionFP(SRC); ELSE (* Source operand is floating-point value *) DEST := DEST ∗ SRC; FI; IF Instruction = FMULP THEN PopRegisterStack; FI;
Exceptions
Protected Mode Exceptions
#GP(0) If a memory operand effective address is outside the CS, DS, ES, FS, or GS segment limit.
If the DS, ES, FS, or GS register is used to access memory and it contains a NULL segment
selector.
#SS(0) If a memory operand effective address is outside the SS segment limit.
#NM CR0.EM[bit 2] or CR0.TS[bit 3] = 1.
#PF(fault-code) If a page fault occurs.
#AC(0) If alignment checking is enabled and an unaligned memory reference is made while the
current privilege level is 3.
#UD If the LOCK prefix is used.
Real-Address Mode Exceptions
#GP If a memory operand effective address is outside the CS, DS, ES, FS, or GS segment limit.
#SS If a memory operand effective address is outside the SS segment limit.
#NM CR0.EM[bit 2] or CR0.TS[bit 3] = 1.
#UD If the LOCK prefix is used.
Virtual-8086 Mode Exceptions
#GP(0) If a memory operand effective address is outside the CS, DS, ES, FS, or GS segment limit.
#SS(0) If a memory operand effective address is outside the SS segment limit.
#NM CR0.EM[bit 2] or CR0.TS[bit 3] = 1.
#PF(fault-code) If a page fault occurs.
#AC(0) If alignment checking is enabled and an unaligned memory reference is made.
#UD If the LOCK prefix is used.
Compatibility Mode Exceptions
Same exceptions as in protected mode.
64-Bit Mode Exceptions
#SS(0) If a memory address referencing the SS segment is in a non-canonical form.
#GP(0) If the memory address is in a non-canonical form.
#NM CR0.EM[bit 2] or CR0.TS[bit 3] = 1.
#MF If there is a pending x87 FPU exception.
#PF(fault-code) If a page fault occurs.
#AC(0) If alignment checking is enabled and an unaligned memory reference is made while the
current privilege level is 3.
#UD If the LOCK prefix is used.
FMUL/FMULP/FIMUL—Multiply Vol. 2A 3-362