loope

Loop if Equal

LOOPE rel

Decrements count; jumps if count!=0 and ZF=1.

Details

Decrements the count register (ECX/RCX) and jumps to destination if count is non-zero AND the Zero Flag is set. Combines loop counting with a zero-flag condition, useful for scanning arrays until an element matches or count exhausted. No flags are modified by this instruction.

Pseudocode Operation

count ← (MODE64 ? RCX : ECX); count ← count - 1; IF (MODE64) RCX ← count; ELSE ECX ← count; IF ((count != 0) ∧ (ZF == 1)) THEN IP ← IP + sign_extend(rel8); FI;

Example

LOOPE rel

Encoding

Binary Layout

Format Legacy

Opcode E1

Extension Base

Operands

dest
Relative branch offset

Reference (Intel® SDM)

Instruction Forms

Opcode	Instruction	Op/En	64/32-bit Mode	Description
E2 cb	LOOP rel8	D	Valid Valid	Decrement count; jump short if count ≠ 0.
E1 cb	LOOPE rel8	D	Valid Valid	Decrement count; jump short if count ≠ 0 and ZF = 1.
E0 cb	LOOPNE rel8	D	Valid Valid	Decrement count; jump short if count ≠ 0 and ZF = 0.

Instruction Operand Encoding

Op/En	Operand 1	Operand 2	Operand 3	Operand 4
D	Offset	N/A	N/A	N/A

Description

Performs a loop operation using the RCX, ECX or CX register as a counter (depending on whether address size is 64 bits, 32 bits, or 16 bits). Note that the LOOP instruction ignores REX.W; but 64-bit address size can be over-ridden using a 67H prefix. Each time the LOOP instruction is executed, the count register is decremented, then checked for 0. If the count is 0, the loop is terminated and program execution continues with the instruction following the LOOP instruction. If the count is not zero, a near jump is performed to the destination (target) operand, which is presumably the instruction at the beginning of the loop. The target instruction is specified with a relative offset (a signed offset relative to the current value of the instruction pointer in the IP/EIP/RIP register). This offset is generally specified as a label in assembly code, but at the machine code level, it is encoded as a signed, 8-bit immediate value, which is added to the instruction pointer. Offsets of –128 to +127 are allowed with this instruction. Some forms of the loop instruction (LOOPcc) also accept the ZF flag as a condition for terminating the loop before the count reaches zero. With these forms of the instruction, a condition code (cc) is associated with each instruction to indicate the condition being tested for. Here, the LOOPcc instruction itself does not affect the state of the ZF flag; the ZF flag is changed by other instructions in the loop.

Operation

IF (AddressSize = 32)
THEN Count is ECX;
ELSE IF (AddressSize = 64)
Count is RCX;
ELSE Count is CX;
FI;
Count := Count – 1;
IF Instruction is not LOOP
THEN
IF (Instruction := LOOPE) or (Instruction := LOOPZ)
THEN IF (ZF = 1) and (Count ≠ 0)
THEN BranchCond := 1;
ELSE BranchCond := 0;
FI;
ELSE (Instruction = LOOPNE) or (Instruction = LOOPNZ)
IF (ZF = 0 ) and (Count ≠ 0)
THEN BranchCond := 1;
ELSE BranchCond := 0;
FI;



LOOP/LOOPcc—Loop According to ECX Counter                                                                                                  Vol. 2A 3-570
FI;
ELSE (* Instruction = LOOP *)
IF (Count ≠ 0)
THEN BranchCond := 1;
ELSE BranchCond := 0;
FI;
FI;

IF BranchCond = 1
THEN
IF in 64-bit mode (* OperandSize = 64 *)
THEN
tempRIP := RIP + SignExtend(DEST);
IF tempRIP is not canonical
THEN #GP(0);
ELSE RIP := tempRIP;
FI;
ELSE
tempEIP := EIP  SignExtend(DEST);
IF OperandSize 16
THEN tempEIP := tempEIP AND 0000FFFFH;
FI;
IF tempEIP is not within code segment limit
THEN #GP(0);
ELSE EIP := tempEIP;
FI;
FI;
ELSE
Terminate loop and continue program execution at (R/E)IP;
FI;

Flags Affected

None.

Exceptions

Protected Mode Exceptions

#GP(0) If the offset being jumped to is beyond the limits of the CS segment. #UD If the LOCK prefix is used.

Real-Address Mode Exceptions

#GP If the offset being jumped to is beyond the limits of the CS segment or is outside of the effec- tive address space from 0 to FFFFH. This condition can occur if a 32-bit address size override prefix is used. #UD If the LOCK prefix is used.

Virtual-8086 Mode Exceptions

Same exceptions as in real address mode.

Compatibility Mode Exceptions

Same exceptions as in protected mode. LOOP/LOOPcc—Loop According to ECX Counter Vol. 2A 3-571

64-Bit Mode Exceptions

#GP(0) If the offset being jumped to is in a non-canonical form. #UD If the LOCK prefix is used. LOOP/LOOPcc—Loop According to ECX Counter Vol. 2A 3-572