scasd

Scan String Doubleword

SCASD

Compares EAX with memory at [EDI].

Details

Compares the doubleword in EAX with a doubleword at memory address [EDI] by performing an implicit subtraction (EAX - [EDI]), updates the EFLAGS register with the result, and increments or decrements EDI by 4 depending on the direction flag (DF). The comparison affects OF, SF, ZF, AF, PF, and CF flags but does not modify either operand. Commonly used in 32-bit protected mode with repeat prefixes for memory scanning.

Pseudocode Operation

temp ← EAX - [EDI];
OF ← overflow of subtraction;
SF ← temp[31];
ZF ← (temp == 0);
AF ← auxiliary carry of subtraction;
PF ← parity of temp;
CF ← borrow;
if (DF == 0) {
  EDI ← EDI + 4;
} else {
  EDI ← EDI - 4;
}

Example

SCASD

Encoding

Binary Layout

Format Legacy

Opcode AF

Extension Base

Operands

EAX
Implicit source register (accumulator) containing the value to be compared.
ES:[EDI]
Memory operand at ES:EDI (destination index register) to be compared against EAX.

Reference (Intel® SDM)

Instruction Forms

Opcode	Instruction	Op/En	64/32-bit Mode	Description
AE	SCAS m8	ZO	Valid Valid	Compare AL with byte at ES:(E)DI or RDI, then set status flags.1
AF	SCAS m16	ZO	Valid Valid	Compare AX with word at ES:(E)DI or RDI, then set status flags.1
AF	SCAS m32	ZO	Valid Valid	Compare EAX with doubleword at ES(E)DI or RDI then set status flags.1
REX.W + AF	SCAS m64	ZO	Valid N.E.	Compare RAX with quadword at RDI or EDI then set status flags.
AE	SCASB	ZO	Valid Valid	Compare AL with byte at ES:(E)DI or RDI then set status flags.1
AF	SCASW	ZO	Valid Valid	Compare AX with word at ES:(E)DI or RDI then set status flags.1
AF	SCASD	ZO	Valid Valid	Compare EAX with doubleword at ES:(E)DI or RDI then set status flags.1
REX.W + AF	SCASQ	ZO	Valid N.E.	Compare RAX with quadword at RDI or EDI then set status flags.

Description

In non-64-bit modes and in default 64-bit mode: this instruction compares a byte, word, doubleword or quadword specified using a memory operand with the value in AL, AX, or EAX. It then sets status flags in EFLAGS recording the results. The memory operand address is read from ES:(E)DI register (depending on the address-size attribute of the instruction and the current operational mode). Note that ES cannot be overridden with a segment override prefix. At the assembly-code level, two forms of this instruction are allowed. The explicit-operand form and the no-operands form. The explicit-operand form (specified using the SCAS mnemonic) allows a memory operand to be specified explicitly. The memory operand must be a symbol that indicates the size and location of the operand value. The register operand is then automatically selected to match the size of the memory operand (AL register for byte comparisons, AX for word comparisons, EAX for doubleword comparisons). The explicit-operand form is provided to allow documentation. Note that the documentation provided by this form can be misleading. That is, the memory operand symbol must specify the correct type (size) of the operand (byte, word, or doubleword) but it does not have to specify the correct location. The location is always specified by ES:(E)DI. The no-operands form of the instruction uses a short form of SCAS. Again, ES:(E)DI is assumed to be the memory operand and AL, AX, or EAX is assumed to be the register operand. The size of operands is selected by the mnemonic: SCASB (byte comparison), SCASW (word comparison), or SCASD (doubleword comparison). After the comparison, the (E)DI register is incremented or decremented automatically according to the setting of the DF flag in the EFLAGS register. If the DF flag is 0, the (E)DI register is incremented; if the DF flag is 1, the (E)DI register is decremented. The register is incremented or decremented by 1 for byte operations, by 2 for word operations, and by 4 for doubleword operations. SCAS/SCASB/SCASW/SCASD—Scan String Vol. 2B 4-615 SCAS, SCASB, SCASW, SCASD, and SCASQ can be preceded by the REP prefix for block comparisons of ECX bytes, words, doublewords, or quadwords. Often, however, these instructions will be used in a LOOP construct that takes some action based on the setting of status flags. See “REP/REPE/REPZ /REPNE/REPNZ—Repeat String Operation Prefix” in this chapter for a description of the REP prefix. In 64-bit mode, the instruction’s default address size is 64-bits, 32-bit address size is supported using the prefix 67H. Using a REX prefix in the form of REX.W promotes operation on doubleword operand to 64 bits. The 64-bit nooperand mnemonic is SCASQ. Address of the memory operand is specified in either RDI or EDI, and AL/AX/EAX/RAX may be used as the register operand. After a comparison, the destination register is incremented or decremented by the current operand size (depending on the value of the DF flag). See the summary chart at the beginning of this section for encoding data and limits.

Operation

Non-64-bit Mode:
IF (Byte comparison)
THEN
temp := AL − SRC;
SetStatusFlags(temp);
THEN IF DF = 0
THEN (E)DI := (E)DI + 1;
ELSE (E)DI := (E)DI – 1; FI;
ELSE IF (Word comparison)
THEN
temp := AX − SRC;
SetStatusFlags(temp);
IF DF = 0
THEN (E)DI := (E)DI + 2;
ELSE (E)DI := (E)DI – 2; FI;
FI;
ELSE IF (Doubleword comparison)
THEN
temp := EAX – SRC;
SetStatusFlags(temp);
IF DF = 0
THEN (E)DI := (E)DI + 4;
ELSE (E)DI := (E)DI – 4; FI;
FI;
FI;

64-bit Mode:
IF (Byte comparison)
THEN
temp := AL − SRC;
SetStatusFlags(temp);
THEN IF DF = 0
THEN (R|E)DI := (R|E)DI + 1;
ELSE (R|E)DI := (R|E)DI – 1; FI;
ELSE IF (Word comparison)
THEN
temp := AX − SRC;
SetStatusFlags(temp);
IF DF = 0
THEN (R|E)DI := (R|E)DI + 2;
ELSE (R|E)DI := (R|E)DI – 2; FI;
FI;


SCAS/SCASB/SCASW/SCASD—Scan String                                                                                                        Vol. 2B 4-616
ELSE IF (Doubleword comparison)
THEN
temp := EAX – SRC;
SetStatusFlags(temp);
IF DF = 0
THEN (R|E)DI := (R|E)DI + 4;
ELSE (R|E)DI := (R|E)DI – 4; FI;
FI;
ELSE IF (Quadword comparison using REX.W )
THEN
temp := RAX − SRC;
SetStatusFlags(temp);
IF DF = 0
THEN (R|E)DI := (R|E)DI + 8;
ELSE (R|E)DI := (R|E)DI – 8;
FI;
FI;
FI;

Flags Affected

The OF, SF, ZF, AF, PF, and CF flags are set according to the temporary result of the comparison.

Exceptions

Protected Mode Exceptions

#GP(0) If a memory operand effective address is outside the limit of the ES segment. If the ES register contains a NULL segment selector. If an illegal memory operand effective address in the ES segment is given. #PF(fault-code) If a page fault occurs. #AC(0) If alignment checking is enabled and an unaligned memory reference is made while the current privilege level is 3. #UD If the LOCK prefix is used.

Real-Address Mode Exceptions

#GP If a memory operand effective address is outside the CS, DS, ES, FS, or GS segment limit. #SS If a memory operand effective address is outside the SS segment limit. #UD If the LOCK prefix is used.

Virtual-8086 Mode Exceptions

#GP(0) If a memory operand effective address is outside the CS, DS, ES, FS, or GS segment limit. #SS(0) If a memory operand effective address is outside the SS segment limit. #PF(fault-code) If a page fault occurs. #AC(0) If alignment checking is enabled and an unaligned memory reference is made. #UD If the LOCK prefix is used.

Compatibility Mode Exceptions

Same exceptions as in protected mode. SCAS/SCASB/SCASW/SCASD—Scan String Vol. 2B 4-617

64-Bit Mode Exceptions

#GP(0) If the memory address is in a non-canonical form. #PF(fault-code) If a page fault occurs. #AC(0) If alignment checking is enabled and an unaligned memory reference is made while the current privilege level is 3. #UD If the LOCK prefix is used. SCAS/SCASB/SCASW/SCASD—Scan String Vol. 2B 4-618